The Making of 'The River Thames Revisited'

There is an interesting parallel between the way wet collodion technology swept away the daguerreotype and calotype in the 1850s and the way digital imaging has been replacing film technology in the last decade.

Photography in the 21st Century:

In early 1999, Phase One, a company that make high-resolution digital backs for professional cameras, announced their new location solution for the Lightphase, 6 million pixel digital back, which could be run off video camera batteries rather than mains power. Only a few portable units would initially be coming to the UK. After only a little cajoling, we convinced Phase One that a really good field test was required. Photographing the Thames 'in the footsteps of Henry Taunt' digitally, was the perfect project and one of the units fell into our hands for five weeks during the summer of 1999. We were also loaned a very fast Vaio laptop by Sony UK. We needed this as the digital back had to be linked to software to work. By the autumn we had taken what may well have been (then) the highest resolution digital landscape pictures in the world. In October 2006 we shot the last two images. These were of Staines Bridge and Chertsey Bridge . By this time technology had moved on and our new Leaf camera had a 17 million pixel back and its own screen to control the image, so we no longer need a laptop.

Photography in the 19th Century

When Henry Taunt was born in June1842, photography had been announced less than three years earlier, both by Louis Daguerre in Paris and William Henry Fox Talbot in London. Each man had experimented for much of the 1830s, but worked completely oblivious of each other’s existence.

In 1871, Dr Richard Maddox proposed the use of gelatin as a carrier in the place of Collodion. Not only could it be exposed long after a plate was coated, but once again there was a significant increase in film speed to fractions of a second. All Henry Taunt’s later images were captured in this way using plates that he would purchase, rather than coat himself in his dark-tent beside the Thames and prints were also made using fibre-based paper with silver salts in a gelatin emulsion.

The chemistry involved in both inventions involved fairly life-threatening concoctions. In a happy accident around 1835, Louis Daguerre, discovered that mercury fumes would amplify an under-exposed ‘latent’ image into a successful picture. Experiments with the Fox Talbot Calotype process involved processing paper negatives in the relatively innocuous gallic acid, the lethal pyrogallic acid and attempts to fix images in hot common salt. The famous English scientist, Sir John Herschel suggested ‘hyposulphate of soda’ and ‘Hypo’ remained the nickname for fixer until the latter part of the 20th century. Many could see the advantages of the negative/positive system, but if only clear glass could be used instead of paper. Silver bromide is like cottage cheese so imagine trying to coat that evenly onto glass and you can understand their problem. Albumin was tried but around 1849 Fredrick Scott Archer (1813-57), a sculptor, who had learned the Calotype process to record some of his portrait busts started experimenting with Collodion, photographic emulsions and glass plate negatives. He published his results in ‘The Chemist’ magazine early in 1851. However the downside was still the difficulty in spreading the Collodi0n evenly and that it had to be sensitised, exposed and developed while still wet. Once it began to dry, the sensitivity was lost and developing chemicals could not penetrate the surface.

Many of Taunt’s surviving prints are a very warm chocolate brown colour. This could be achieved in one of two ways, either by using silver chloride, which gives a much warmer tone, or by sepia toning where the black silver image is replaced by warm brown silver sulphide. Many Victorian photographers experimented with both techniques partially because warm images were fashionable and therefore more saleable and partially because there was a perception that sepia toning would prevent the image from fading.

Wet Collodion continued to be the best means to capture negative images on glass until the end of the 1870s, by which time many of Taunt’s pictures for his ‘Illustrated Map of the Thames’ had been taken. He would row his skiff to a location, set up his dark tent, set up his camera and tripod, sensitise and coat the glass plate, immediately make the two or three second exposures, develop and fix the images, wash them in river water, perhaps dry them in the sun and row back to his lodgings or set up camp with his assistants. Certainly at the beginning of the 1860s this was an incredible feat of skill and Henry Taunt was truly at the cutting edge of Victorian location photographic technology.

Taunt’s photographs were key to this project.

English Heritage and Oxfordshire County Council now hold the majority of Taunt’s surviving images, over 13,000 negatives and prints, in secure archive conditions. Both organizations were exceptionally helpful in locating all of the images that we needed. By 2002, we were able to offer our photo essay of  “In the footsteps of Henry Taunt” to English Heritage as a story for their ‘Viewfinder’ website, where it can still be seen today along with other images of Oxfordshire.

Seventy-five of Taunt's original images were digitised and then carefully restored, using the latest image manipulation techniques to return them to their original quality to form part of this project.

Graham Diprose & Jeff Robins, October 2007

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